How to install OpenVPN server on Ubuntu 14.04 - A Step-by-Step Guide

This is a detailed & step-by-step guide that will show you how to install and configure OpenVPN on Ubuntu 14.04. You can use OpenVPN to access the Internet safely and securely while on the move. To learn more about OpenVPN, you can check out the Wikipedia link or read about it on the official site

What you need:

• An Ubuntu 14.04 system.
• Root access
• And as always, an internet connection

This guide is split into 4 main sections. Don’t worry if the titles look intimidating. If you follow the instructions, it should go smoothly and you should have a functioning OpenVPN server to which you can connect to from anywhere and using any device.

1. Installation and configuration of OpenVPN server
2. Creating a Certificate Authority and Server-Side Certificate and Key
3. Generate Certificates and Keys for your devices
4. Create a Unified OpenVPN Profile for each of your devices

Part 1

Installation and configuration of OpenVPN server

Step 1.1:

First, update your package lists and then install the openvpn and easy-rsa package.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openvpn easy-rsa

Step 1.2:

From now onwards, all the steps below have to be run as root. So, go ahead and login as root.

su

Step 1.3:

Lets extract the sample VPN server configuration file to this location: /etc/openvpn

gunzip -c /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/server.conf.gz > /etc/openvpn/server.conf

Note: gunzip is a utility that uncompresses a gzip file. gz or .Z is the extension for gzip files.

Step 1.4:

Still as root, open this file.

I prefer vim to open files on ubuntu. If you prefer nano instead, you can use that too.

vi /etc/openvpn/server.conf

Step 1.5:

Now, we have to modify a few lines in this file.

Search for a section that looks like this

# Diffie hellman parameters.
# Generate your own with:
#   openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024
# Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using
# 2048 bit keys.
dh dh1024.pem

Change dh1024.pem to dh2048.pem. This doubles the RSA key length when we generate the server and client keys later in the guide.

Step 1.6:

Find and uncomment the line below. To uncomment, simply remove the semicolon ; in front of the line.

Before:

# If enabled, this directive will configure
# all clients to redirect their default
# network gateway through the VPN, causing
# all IP traffic such as web browsing and
# and DNS lookups to go through the VPN
# (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT
# or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet
# in order for this to work properly).
;push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"

After:

# If enabled, this directive will configure
# all clients to redirect their default
# network gateway through the VPN, causing
# all IP traffic such as web browsing and
# and DNS lookups to go through the VPN
# (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT
# or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet
# in order for this to work properly).
push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"

This makes sure that the OpenVPN server will pass the client device’s web traffic to its destination.

Step 1.7:

Still in the same file, find and uncomment the following two lines. To uncomment, simply remove the semicolon ; in front of the two lines.

Before:

# Certain Windows-specific network settings
# can be pushed to clients, such as DNS
# or WINS server addresses.  CAVEAT:
# http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats
# The addresses below refer to the public
# DNS servers provided by opendns.com.
;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222"
;push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220"

After:

# Certain Windows-specific network settings
# can be pushed to clients, such as DNS
# or WINS server addresses.  CAVEAT:
# http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats
# The addresses below refer to the public
# DNS servers provided by opendns.com.
push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222"
push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220"

The two IP addresses above belong to OpenDNS and will be used to lookup DNS request where possible. You can use any DNS service of your choice. Here we have used OpenDNS, and hence their IP addresses are listed in the file.

Step 1.8:

This is the last thing to change in the file. Look for this section below and uncomment the two lines by removing the semicolons ;

Before:

# You can uncomment this out on
# non-Windows systems.
;user nobody
;group nogroup

After:

# You can uncomment this out on
# non-Windows systems.
user nobody
group nogroup

Save and close the file.

Step 1.9:

Packet Forwarding

We need to now enable an option that allows the server to forward traffic from client devices out to the Internet. If this is not done, the client traffic will stop at the server. To enable packet forwarding, run this command.

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

This setting is not yet permanent and will not survive a reboot. To make it permanent, we need to edit the sysctl.conf file.

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

In this file, find and uncomment the following line. To uncomment, remove the # in front of the line.

Before:

# Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv4
#net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

After:

# Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv4
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

Save the file and exit.

Step 1.10:

Set up firewall rules in the Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw)

We will be using OpenVPN over UDP, so the firewall must allow UDP traffic over port 1194.

Still as root, enter the following command:

ufw allow 1194/udp

Open the firewall’s (ufw) primary configuration file. We habe to set the firewall forwarding policy.

vi /etc/default/ufw

Search for the string DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="DROP" in this file. Change the DROP to ACCEPT.

Before:

DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="DROP"

After:

DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="ACCEPT"

Save the file and exit.

Step 1.11:

There’s one more step before we can move on to the next section.

We need to add add additional firewall rules.

Open this file

vi /etc/ufw/before.rules

We will be adding rules for NAT (network address translation) and IP masquerading of connected devices.

Modify this file to look like this.

Before:

#
# rules.before
#
# Rules that should be run before the ufw command line added rules. Custom
# rules should be added to one of these chains:
#   ufw-before-input
#   ufw-before-output
#   ufw-before-forward
#

# Don't delete these required lines, otherwise there will be errors
*filter

After:

#
# rules.before
#
# Rules that should be run before the ufw command line added rules. Custom
# rules should be added to one of these chains:
#   ufw-before-input
#   ufw-before-output
#   ufw-before-forward
#

#################################
# START OPENVPN RULES
# NAT table rules
*nat
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0] 
# Allow traffic from OpenVPN client to eth0
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/8 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT
# END OPENVPN RULES
#################################

# Don't delete these required lines, otherwise there will be errors
*filter

Once you’ve added the section, enable the firewall (ufw).

ufw enable

Part 2

Creating a Certificate Authority and Server-Side Certificate and Key

Okay, so we have installed and configured OpenVPN and the firewall settings in the above section. Now, let’s go ahead and create certificates and keys for our new OpenVPN server.

Creating a certificate authority (CA)

Step 2.1:

Make sure you’re still logged in as root.

Copy the Easy-RSA generation scripts to /etc/openvpn

cp -r /usr/share/easy-rsa/ /etc/openvpn

Step 2.2:

Now, create a directory to store our keys.

mkdir /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys

Step 2.3:

Now we will edit the vars file and add in some default values for a person or a business. The information that is entered into this file will be copied to the certificates and keys and will help us in identifying them later.

You can put in any values you like. Here is an example.

export KEY_COUNTRY="CA"
export KEY_PROVINCE="ON"
export KEY_CITY="Toronto"
export KEY_ORG="Wiseindy"
export KEY_EMAIL="[email protected]"
export KEY_OU="WiseOU"

There is one more line to edit in this file before you close it. We need to set the default filename for the server key and certificate. In this tutorial we’ve used the name server for simplicity. If you’re using a different name, please make sure you replace server with your custom name in the commands.

export KEY_NAME="server"

Save and close the file.

Step 2.4:

The next step is to generate the Diffie-Hellman parameters.

openssl dhparam -out /etc/openvpn/dh2048.pem 2048

Step 2.5:

Now, navigate to the easy-rsa directory.

cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa

Step 2.6:

Once you’re in the easy-rsa directory, run the following command to initialize the PKI (Public Key Infrastructure).

. ./vars

Note the . (dot) and ` ` (space) in front of ./vars.

The above command will output the following:

NOTE: If you run ./clean-all, I will be doing a rm -rf on /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys

You can ignore this warning message since we haven’t yet generated anything.

Step 2.7:

Let’s clear the working directory of any example keys and start fresh.

./clean-all

Step 2.8:

We are all set to create our certificate authority now. When you run the following command, it will ask you to confirm the values you had entered in the vars file in step 2.6. Hit enter to confirm the values.

./build-ca

Generate a Certificate and Key for the Server

Step 2.9:

Well, we now have a certificate authority (CA) set up. Let’s build our server key now.

./build-key-server server

Note: Note that I’ve used the name server in the above command. This is because I’ve set export KEY_NAME="server" in the vars file (step 2.6). If you’ve used a different name, make sure you modify the command accordingly

When you run this command, you’ll see a similar output as the previous step. You can hit enter to confirm them. However, this time you will see two additional prompts.

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

Both of the should be left blank. Hit Enter to continue.

When it prompts you to sign the certificate and commit, type y for both the prompts and hit enter.

Sign the certificate? [y/n]  y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]  y

Now you should see the following output. This means that all is good so far.

Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated

Step 2.10

Move the Server Certificates and Keys

Well, we’ve now generated the server CA, keys and certificate. Let’s copy these over to the correct location /etc/openvpn/.

cp /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/{server.crt,server.key,ca.crt} /etc/openvpn

Step 2.11

Well, guess what? Our OpenVPN server is ready now. Let’s start it.

service openvpn start

Part 3

Generate Certificates and Keys for your devices

In the previous section, we created the key and certificate for our server. We are going to do that for our devices now.

We will build one for a client device called myphone. You can name your client device anything. Just make sure to substitute the name in the commands that follow.

Step 3.1:

You should still be root and still working from this directory /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa.

./build-key myphone

Like in the previous steps, you’ll be asked to confirm the Distinguised Name variables. Hit enter to accept the defaults.

Step 3.2:

Now copy the sample client configuration file to the easy-rsa/keys directory. This file will be used as a template. We will be editing this template file for each of our devices.

cp /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/client.conf /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/myphone.ovpn

You can repeat this section (steps 3.1 and 3.2) for each client device. Just make sure you use a different name for each of your devices (in this case we’ve used myphone)

Part 4

Create a Unified OpenVPN Profile for each of your devices

Now that you have created keys and certificates for your device myphone, let’s create one unified .ovpn file which will contain all this information.

Step 4.1:

From the /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa directory, copy the following files to your computer (the one you’re reading this article on). We will be editing these in a text editor (Notepad, TextEdit, etc.).

myphone.crt
myphone.key
myphone.ovpn
ca.crt

Step 4.2

Open the myphone.ovpn file in a text editor like Notepad (Windows) or TextEdit (macOS) or whatever you prefere, really.

Add your server’s IP address to the this section in the beginning of the file. Replace my-server-1 with your server’s IP address.

Before:

# The hostname/IP and port of the server.
# You can have multiple remote entries
# to load balance between the servers.
remote my-server-1 1194

After:

# The hostname/IP and port of the server.
# You can have multiple remote entries
# to load balance between the servers.
remote 142.189.11.1 1194

Step 4.3

In the same file, scroll down and uncomment this section (This doesn’t apply to Windows, so you can skip it if you’re going to use thie VPN profile on a Windows machine).

Before:

# Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only)
;user nobody
;group nogroup

After:

# Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only)
user nobody
group nogroup

Step 4.4:

Scroll further down and this time you’ll comment a few lines instead of uncommenting. We do this because we are directly including the .crt and .key files within this .ovpn file.

Before:

# SSL/TLS parms.
# . . .
ca ca.crt
cert client.crt
key client.key

After:

# SSL/TLS parms.
# . . .
#ca ca.crt
#cert client.crt
#key client.key

Step 4.5:

At the end of the file, add this text to block outside DNS

# Prevent DNS leak
block-outside-dns

Step 4.6:

Now, at the end of the file, we will be copying and pasting the contents of ca.crt, myphone.crt, and myphone.key files.

Open the .crt and .key files in a text editor and copy-paste the content as shown below

This is how we will be doing it.

<ca>
  (insert ca.crt here)
</ca>

<cert>
  (insert myphone.crt here)
</cert>

<key>
  (insert myphone.key here)
</key>

Once you’re done copy-pasting the content, the end of your .ovpn file should look like this:

<ca>
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
. . .
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
</ca>
  
<cert>
Certificate:
. . .
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
. . .
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
</cert>
  
<key>
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
. . .
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
</key>

Save the changes and close the file.

Step 4.7:

Windows

If you’re using Windows, install the official OpenVPN client from here. After installation, paste your myphone.ovpn file here C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\config\.

To connect to your VPN server, right-click the OpenVPN client in the taskbar and click Connect.

To verify if you’re connected, go to Google and type What is my IP. If it returns the IP address of your OpenVPN server, all is well and your VPN is working as expected.

macOS

For macOS, install Tunnelblick and import your .ovpn profile. Note: If you get an error and Tunnelblick is unable to connect, remove the following text from your .ovpn profile.

# Prevent DNS leak
block-outside-dns

Android

For Android, download the OpenVPN Connect app from the Google Play Store. Import your .ovpn profile and you’re all set!

iOS

For iPhone and iPad, download the OpenVPN Connect app from the Apple App Store. Import your .ovpn profile and you’re all set!

Guess what? You’re done.

I recommened you create separate .ovpn files for each of your devices instead of using the same key & certificate for everything.

To create .ovpn profiles for more devices, repeat steps from part 3 onwards.

(header image source: commons.wikimedia.org)